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past modals

today, I learned past modals.
Generally speaking modals in the past have the following form:
  • modal + have + past participle

Use should have to say that a different action was recommended in the past.
ex- You should have taken the rest earlier, because it's already time you should go.


Use could have to talk about possibilities if something had been different in the past.
ex-if I had took the holiday, I could have gone to the Australia.


Use would have to imagine a result (if something had been different in the past)
ex-if I hadn't brought umbrella, I would have gotten wet in the rain.

  Modals in the Present Modals in the Past
Obligation You must / have to stop when the traffic lights are red. You had to stop.
Advice You should see a doctor. You should have seen a doctor
Prohibition You mustn't smoke here. You mustn't have smoked there.
Ability I can run fast. I could run fast. now I am old.
Certainty He has a Rolls Royce. He must be very rich.
He can't be American. His English is terrible. 		He must have been rich. He had a big house and an expensive car.
He can't have written that poem. He was illiterate.
Permission Can I go out? She could drive her father's car when she was only 15.
Possibility It may / can / could / might rain. It's cloudy. I guess it may / can / could / might have been Lacy on the phone.
Lack of necessity You don't have to / needn't buy any tomatoes. There are plenty in the fridge. You didn't have to / didn't need to buy tomatoes.

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